Physics of Catapults Essay - 1122 Words

The ballista, or shield piercer, was first developed by the Greeks using the same principles as a bow and arrow. Its primary use was to, as the name suggests, pierce enemy shields, since normal bows lacked the power to do so. Early versions of the ballista include the gastrophetes, which is nothing more than an enlarged bow that can be braced against the users body. http://members.lycos.nl/onager/GastrophetesPic.jpg As time went on ballistas were improved to become larger and more powerful, eventually becoming mounted mechanisms that could be operated by two or more people. The Romans eventually modified them to throw stones, making them more effective in seiges against walled†¦show more content†¦Using this relationship assumes that the force constant is constant, or that moving the arms back 2 meters gives twice the force that moving them back 1 meter would do, which is most likely not correct, but close enough for a general assumption of the force to be made. When the force is applied, the projectile is accelerated to the end of the ballista, at which point it released with a velocity v and an angle q from the horizontal. The velocity can be found using the kinematic equation v2=2ax, where a is the acceleration and x is the length of the ballista that the projectile is accelerated upon. Since F=ma and F in this case is -kd, the equation can be simplified into v2=2-kdx/m. After it is released, the projectile obeys the laws of projectile motion, disregarding air resistance. Therefore, the range of the ballista can be given by the equation R=v2sin2q/g, where g is the accleration due to gravity. Mangonel History The Romans, finding the ballista difficult to construct, simplified the design and created the onager. It had one arm instead of two, and is what is most commonly identified as a catapult today. http://members.lycos.nl/onager/OnagerPic.jpg During the Dark Ages, the French were able to re-invent the onager, and they called it the mangonneau, and it became known in England as the mangonel. MangonelShow MoreRelatedResearch Testing the Shot Distance of the Crossbow, the Catapult, and the Slingshot1103 Words   |  4 Pagesand test different weapons from those eras. I am finding out which shoots the furthest the crossbow, the catapult, or the slingshot and if I do not know how they work, I cannot compare them to each other so I decided to research this. My hypothesis is that the catapult will shoot the furthest and I think that I am right do to previous research by professionals. But in other cases the catapult is made to full size but in this case it is made to a scale factor of 25% of its original size so that mightRead More Catapulting though Time Physics Essay2329 Words   |  10 PagesCatapulting though Time Physics Hurling an object towards one’s enemy may seem as old as time itself. People have hurled fists at each other, thrown spears, and launched giant rocks into enemy territory. The use of catapults, and other objects that hurl projectiles, also seem as old as human civilization itself. The effectiveness of the catapult in flinging objects over a great distance and causing destruction is due to a few basic physics principals that govern force, energy, motion, speedRead MoreHow Did The Technology Of Roman Empire Impact It?1741 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge and advances in the world. The book starts off by explaining to the reader how the Roman Empire couldn’t have become the most powerful empire in the history without the use of technology. Military technologies were made by Romans such as the catapults that could bring down fortifications. The war machines and weapons itself brought greater knowledge and technique for the Romans. Roads made traveling easier for both messen gers and armies. The value of the information given is how technology wasRead MoreThe History of Physics Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Physics In order to attempt to trace the origins of the modern science that we now refer to as â€Å"physics,† we must begin with the origin of the term itself. Taken from the Greek word â€Å"physika† meaning growth or nature, physics most obviously began as the intelligent study of the human environment (Webster 393). From superstition and religious practices, the foundation of all other sciences was born. These concepts have subsequently grown into what we regardRead MoreHistory of Engineering1060 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Antikythera mechanism, which was the first known computer model. Archimedes was a Greek who lived from 287 BC - 212 BC. Archimedes also takes credit for the invention of gears. Chinese and Roman armies made complex machines such as the catapult. Imhotep was known for his develpoments on bridges. Imhotep was an Egyptian from the 27th century. Imhotep was the first known civil engineer. The word engine itself has been around for a long period of time. The word engine is Latin for ingeniumRead MoreCopernican Heliocentrism Impact to Modern Science1010 Words   |  5 PagesCopernican Heliocentrism impact to Modern Science Michael White WGU February 24, 2011 Thesis Statement: Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentrism helped to revolutionize science and catapult man into space. Introduction: Early science and astronomers believed the earth to be the center of the universe; this was known as the Geocentric Model. Prior to the 17th Century the Catholic Church held onto and defended the Geocentric Model as the divine order of planetary alignment and man’s hierarchy inRead More Archimedes Essay examples1577 Words   |  7 Pagesvolumes by the method of exhaustion. His theory came two-thousand years before it was supposedly invented by Sir Isaac Newton and he fellow Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. That discovery was the near development of todays Calculus used in mathematics, physics, and engineering today. Another discovery was the relationship between volume and surface of a sphere and its circumference cylinder. He discovered this with two spheres which he built himself, with some further calculation he proved a formula thatRead MoreElon Musk And Its Impact On The Planet1152 Words   |  5 Pageshimself programming, constructed a complex space-themed computer game, and sold it to a large corporation. After moving to the United States and earning a bachelor degrees in Economics and Physics from the University of Pennsylvania, Musk moved on to Stanford University in attempt to earn his PhD in energy physics. What follows is a tremendous rise to success. Taking a look at exactly what happened, what struggles and what successes this man endured, we are in turn able to learn valuable lessonsRead MoreElon Musk And Its Impact On The Planet1152 Words   |  5 Pageshimself programming, constructed a complex space-themed computer game, and sold it to a large corporation. After moving to the United States and earning a bachelor degrees in Economics and Physics from the University of Pennsylvania, Musk moved on to Stanford University in attempt to earn his PhD in energy physics. What follows is a tremendous rise to success. Taking a look at exactly what happened, what struggles and what successes this man endured, we are in turn able to learn valuable lessonsRead MoreThe Roller Coaster Is More Than Just A Thrill Ride3412 Words   |  14 Pagesexcitement, butterflies, long waits in line, the speed and memories that come with it. It seems no one could name where the first roller coaster was built, how they came about, or even any of the simple physics involved. In reality, the Roller Coaster is more than just a thrill ride, it is all parts of physics including momentum, inertia, Newton s Laws,and friction. It is a symbol of dedication of its creator, safety, and even more so, the Roller Coaster is a mark of history. History: The Roller Coaster

Personal and Imaginative †Scarred for Life Free Essays

This was it. My legs were lead; my head throbbed violently. It felt as if the energy within me had slowly oozed away. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal and Imaginative – Scarred for Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now I dragged my feet like I was being held down by iron chains. Gathering every ounce of my might, I heaved myself towards the bench- and collapsed upon it. Where was I? No clue. That was all I’d been saying to myself since the taxi left. And how long ago was that? Two hours†¦three hours†¦four hours? Still no clue. I hated myself for being so thick. If it wasn’t for my ‘thick’ brain, I would have been home by now. Home. I felt useless. â€Å"What the hell you doin’ ere?† I looked up so fast it made my neck click; my anger rose. It was a brown haired boy who I guessed was trying to pass the time. I found him annoying. I wasn’t in the mood of talking to anyone-I hardly ever was. â€Å"You tell me.† I replied stiffly. â€Å"Ain’t seen you around this place.† I felt like punching him. I hated this about some people, butting in when they were least wanted. â€Å"That’s ’cause I ain’t from dis place.† I grumbled, glancing at him, thinking how much longer is he going to stay? There was a pause. Then, just as soon as I expected him to leave, he demanded, â€Å"Where you from then?† â€Å"Look yeh, I don’t know you an’ I ain’t in da mood. So move.† I stated through gritted teeth, giving him the dirtiest look I could muster. He finally got the message and went off, gruffly. I didn’t understand myself; I never used to be like this. My mood switched within seconds and I knew that many people found it hard around me. Even my own mates kept their distance from me at times. But they understood that I had a past. Life had changed a lot for me, and since that change, I was never the same person. I cast my eyes around, taking in my surroundings. Even though the street lamps were alight, the road seemed unusually dark. I squinted and could just make out the scenes of every day life before me. Here and there figures would move about; some closing their shops, others walking hastily, making their way home. I gazed blankly at the movements, not bothering to move from my seat. Eventually, the very last of the people edged away towards the end of the street, their silhouettes disappearing from under the very last street lamp. Silence followed. Almost radically, a harsh wind had begun to bluster, causing my numb face to sting. Fed up with my position, I pulled up my hood, got up from the rigid bench and stepped on to the road. The sound of my trainers hitting against the pavement seemed to echo into the night, leaving behind a lethal dead-like silence like that of graveyard. Trying to block out this atmosphere, I began to recount the event that occurred on the taxi†¦ I couldn’t believe my stupidity. Losing my mobile was one thing- but losing my purse-on the same day†¦a bit extreme huh? And to make matters worse, being the idiot that I am, I tried to get home in a taxi when I was totally broke! The reaction the driver had when he realised I wasn’t going pay was severe to say the least. I knew people had strange solutions but leaving me in the middle of God-knows-where was a bit too strange. Sad or what? Well, what was done was done and I knew there was no way in changing it. Thinking about it wasn’t going to get me anywhere. My main priority was to see how to get home. I inhaled deeply as the bleak air rushed in to my blood. What was the point in living when surviving was so hard? Upon reaching the end of the street, I became aware of the bend which had not been visible to me from the bench. It was murky and even at this distance I could not make out what lay on its other side. As I began to make my way through it, my stomach gave a discomforting squirm. I didn’t know why that was? Was it the darkness that had just fallen over me? Or the strengthening of the silence which had now reached its peak? Being able to distinguish traces of a light, I became relieved to know that I had entered just another street. This time there were no shops, but instead stood half a dozen or so houses, which I could tell were grand as well as ancient. They were positioned with a great deal of space and on either side of the road which lay in front of me. At the far end, I could discriminate the park which stood out due to its rusty iron gate. As my vision became clearer, I noticed a dark profile standing within the shadow of the great oak tree. Who would be out at this time of night? Or was it a trick of light? Sensing movement, I knew for sure that it wasn’t just a fragment of my imagination. My heart began to beat loudly, vibrating heavily in my throat. Now I knew I wasn’t alone. It ambled out from under the tree; light shining upon its limp body. Slowly, it began dragging its body in an oddly held manner. It – he was hurt. A slow moaning uttered from his mouth, and my fear turned into grief on seeing the pain radiating from him. On realising that his direction was headed my way, I heaved my body behind the nearest bush, afraid of being seen. From his gnawed, wrinkly hands, I realised he was well aged. His face was entirely hidden, due to the hood of his festering coat. He had now reached a house opposite me, one which I had not noticed due to its miniscule size. It was dilapidated and it showed no sign of warmth. Was this his house? I heard keys dropping, breaking the silence, and watched as he bent to pick them up. As he did so, his hood fell from his face. I screamed†¦ Everything was indistinct, the face flashed in front of me again, yet this time it looked younger by a few years. I could hear loud terrible screaming from within my own head. So loud that I thought that my head would explode. The screaming went on, never ending. The pain searing in the shrill cries was too much to take in. The screaming didn’t come from the face, yet I recognised it. But it couldn’t be! I tried to cry for help but nothing came out. Slowly, the picture blurred and my vision became focused†¦ My inhalation was hard, my heart aching endlessly. I tried to hold my breath, trembling from head to toe. Cold sweat trickled down my face and my clothes were soaked, clinging to my skin. How much time had passed? A door slammed shut, its reverberation hanging in the atmosphere. I turned my head towards the house- had the man just gone in? It had been ten years. Ten long, painful years since I had heard my brother’s voice, shrieking with agonising pain just the same as on that night. The night that I last saw him alive. Was it just a coincidence that I had just seen the convict? All I remembered was the assassin’s terribly scarred face, which had appeared there on the day my brother had fought eagerly for his life, aiming viciously at his face. This man was marked – scarred for life. Since then, I had promised myself to find the man who had finished my little brother off- and now that I had found him, there was no way I was going to let him escape. Not this time. No way†¦ How to cite Personal and Imaginative – Scarred for Life, Papers

Formation Of Government Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Formation Of Government Essay, Research Paper The formation of authorities is one of the cardinal subjects for both Hobbes and Locke. Whether or non work forces of course form a authorities, or must organize a authorities, is based on adult male s basic nature. Harmonizing to Hobbes, a authorities must be formed to continue life and prevent loss of belongings. Harmonizing to Locke, a authorities arises to protect life and belongings. Governments are born of inequality and formed to administrate equality. Hobbes goes into a batch of item refering adult male s interactions with one another including ways in which adult male can seek to populate together in Peace, and Unity ( page 69 ) . However, Hobbes focuses on the interactions of adult male seeking the same end. In any system of limited resources, Competition of Riches, Honour, Command, or other power enclineth to Contention, Enmity, and War: Because the manner of one Competitor, to achieving of his desire, is to kill, subdue, supplant, or repell the other ( page 70 ) . Hobbes besides deals with the qualities which adult male possess, and how they affect a adult male s basic nature. Man who is magnetic leads others to confide in him. Charisma combined with military ability causes work forces to follow others as leaders. Those who think of themselves as leaders, the Work force that have a strong sentiment of their ain wisdome in affair of authorities, are disposed to Ambition ( page 72 ) . Harmonizing to Hobbes Nature hath made work forces so equall, in the modules of organic structure, and head ; as that though there bee found one adult male sometimes obviously stronger in organic structure, or of quicker head so another ; yet when all is reckoned together, the difference between adult male, and adult male, is non so considerable ( page 86-87 ) . Furthermore adult male tend to see himself as wisest in affairs, whether or non others may make things better, and that there is no great mark of equal distribution, than that every adult male is contended with his portion ( page 87 ) . Hobbes and Locke consider the formation of authorities from adult male s ain nature, whether or non authorities is formed because adult male is a societal animate being or if authorities is formed to continue society. Harmonizing to Locke, adult male must non believe that all authorities in the universe is the merchandise merely of force and force, and that work forces live together by no other regulations but that of animals ( page 1 ) . To understand political power right, and deduce it from its original, we must see what province all work forces are of course in, and that is, a province of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their ownerships and individuals, as they think fit, within the bounds of the jurisprudence of nature ( page 3 ) . Unlike Hobbes, whose Torahs of nature have to cover with adult male s preserving of his ain life, Locke chooses to use the term to the thought of ground, by stating that if adult male grounds about the cardinal concerns that authorities arises to protect life and belongings, adult male can come to certain natural decisions about how they should be protected. One of Locke s cardinal subjects is the distribution of belongings. In a province of natural copiousness all the fruits it of course produces, and beasts it feeds, belong to mankind in common ( page 18 ) . In this state of affairs the lone thing adult male of course owns is his ain individual. This no organic structure has any right to but himself ( page 18 ) . Therefore, adult male is in a manner equal, nevertheless it is an imperfect equality. Whatsoever so he removes out of the province that nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath assorted his labor with and joined to it something that is his ain, and thereby makes it his belongings ( page 18 ) . Therefore, everything belongs to mankind in general, until a adult male decides to take it upon himself to acquir e something from its pure province in nature, and since he has to work to accomplish this, the fruits of the labour are his. Locke besides believes that if person takes more than he can utilize, and it spoils, or if person takes more land than he can cultivate, or if person allows harvests to whither without being picked, they are perpetrating offenses against humanity. However if person takes an acre of land, and by seting on it and reaping the harvest produces the same sum of nutrient that can of course be found in 10 estates, they are in fact giving to mankind. Equally long as there is plentifulness of land left to take he that leaves every bit much as another can do usage of, does every bit good as return nil at all ( page 21 ) . It is human nature to dispute, nevertheless harmonizing to Hobbes in the nature of adult male, we find three principall causes of wrangle. First, Competition ; Secondly, Diffidence ; Third, Glory ( page 88 ) . Men fight for their ain addition, to protect themselves, and to get a repute as warriors. Hobbes points out the basic nature of adult male s interactions with each other, nevertheless Hobbes is non stating that adult male is basically evil, but instead, The desires, and other Passions of adult male, are in themselves no Sin ( page 89 ) . They are simply natural parts of adult male, and should be understood as such. Locke besides focuses on the nature of offense and justness. Mankind may non unless it be to make justness to an wrongdoer, take away, or impair the life, or what tends to the saving of the life, the autonomy, wellness, limb or goods of another ( page 5 ) . Locke besides holds that if any one in the province of nature may penalize another for any immorality he has done, every one may make so ( page 5 ) . Furthermore, when one adult male does injury against another, he who hath received any harm, has besides the right of punishment common to him with other work forces, a peculiar right to seek reparation from him that has done it. And any other individual who finds it merely, may besides fall in with him that is injured, and help him in retrieving from the wrongdoer, so much as may do satisfaction for the injury he has suffered ( page 6 ) . Harmonizing to Hobbes, in a state of affairs without authorities to chair them, The impressions of right and Wrong, Justice and Injustice have there no topographic point ( page 90 ) . Man is by nature inclined to take every bit much as he can for his ain saving at the cost of other work forces. Therefore, adult male must make authorities, and hence, peace, because of the fright of decease and loss of belongings. Hobbes compares the Torahs of nature versus human jurisprudence by specifying the Torahs of nature as those things that are basically portion of us and order our behaviour and actions when there is no human jurisprudence to make so. Human Torahs are imposed by work forces who recognize their ain natures and freely give up some of their rights so that others will make the same. Any stable society of civilised work forces must come to this point, or autumn into devastation from within. As for Locke s province of perfect equality, all work forces are of course in that province, and remain so, boulder clay by their ain consents they make themselves members of some political society ( page 10 ) . When that happens, work forces give up some of their free rights for others of protection and warrants of safety and belongings, and therefore a authorities is born. In decision, although a authorities should protect life and prevent loss of belongings, these protections are non guaranteed. Competition and offense is still a job even though a authorities exists. Even today, throughout the universe, inequalities still exist. Although authoritiess exist there is still no warrant of equality or that every life and all belongings will be protected.

The play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

The play Romeo and Juliet Essay The play Romeo and Juliet was written by a famous play write called William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He wrote many plays including MacBeth, Twelfth Night, As You Like It but Romeo and Juliet is one of his most popular tragedies. This is a play about two people in love brought together by hatred. The way William Shakespeares plays were performed is unusual to todays standard but very usual in the 16th century. Young boys not women performed the parts of women in these plays. Women were not allowed to act on stage. Shakespeares plays were performed at the Globe Theatre or the Black Fairs Theatre. Some times though they would get a special presentation at the courts of Queen Elizabeth 1st and King James 1st. We will write a custom essay on The play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Montagues and Capulets are two rivalry families. They are involved in a family feud that goes back years before any of the members were born. Yet the feud still continues due to the fact that neither family is ready to forgive and forget the past. Even the townspeople are involved because the families do not keep the feud in the privacy of their own home but have been seen fighting in the public streets and displaying violence. They disrupt the peace of Verona and even Prince Escalus personally had to break up a fight, where the family members were heavily fined. They were also given a warning that another public fight could result in death. While this is occurring Romeo, the main character, is getting over his last love, Rosaline, and was very upset. Juliet of the Capulet household has just been introduced to a wealthy young man, Paris, who her parents wish her to marry. Yet she does not love him. During this Romeo, who is in love with Rosaline, goes to a party in an effort to forget her or to rebuild his broken heart. At this party he meets Juliet, and immediately falls in love with her. He later finds out that she is a Capulet, the rival family of the Montagues. He decides that he loves her anyway and they confess their love for each other during the very famous balcony scene in which they agree to secretly marry the next day. Friar Lawrence agrees to marry them in an effort to end the feuding between the families. Unfortunately, the fighting gets worse and Mercutio, a good friend of Romeos, ends up in a fight with Tybalt, Juliets cousin. Tybalt kills Mercutio, which causes Romeo to kill Tybalt in an angry rage. For this, Romeo is banished from Verona. At the same time, the Capulets are planning Juliets marriage to Paris. Juliet does not want to marry this man so she arranges with Friar Lawrence to fake her own death with a sleeping potion that will make everyone think that she is dead. Friar Lawrence promises to send word to Romeo to meet her when the potion wears off and to rescue her to Mantua, where Romeo is currently staying. There they would live happily ever after. Unfortunately, Romeo does not receive this message on time and upon hearing of her death goes to Juliets tomb where he drinks poison and dies. When Juliets potion wears off, she awakens to find her lovers body. She then stabs herself with Romeos dagger. The two families find the bodies and their shared sorrow; finally make peace with each other. In act 3 scene 5 Juliet has just said goodbye to Romeo who had stayed the night (they made love) before her mother (lady cap) catches him. Juliet is happy until her mother drops the news about her forth-coming marriage to Paris. Once her mother tells her this, she tells her mother what she thinks. Juliet says no to her mother .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .postImageUrl , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:hover , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:visited , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:active { border:0!important; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:active , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare s use of context in Hamlet EssayHe shall not make me a joyful bride This shows that she says if he married her it would not make her happy just sad and angry. Her mother thinks she is upset because of the death of her cousin Tybalt plus Juliet is already married to Romeo. Maybe Lady Capulet feels let down by Juliet, as they have already told Paris the answer will be a yes. Lord Capulet in this scene is quite different he is a lot angrier and is violet (In this time though arranged marriages were common). I tell thee what: get thee to church a, or never look me in the face. Juliet reacts to this by just crying. When the nurse tries to stick up for Juliet lord Capulet Hold your tongue This just means shut up and tells her to go. He obviously means he will have nothing more to do with her if she doesnt marry Paris. The nurse in this scene is a bit unsure what to do, she can either help Juliet. She chooses to help Juliet but really gets told by Lord Capulet to disappear and stay out. In the Zephereilli version at the start of the play it starts with a brawl but uses swords instead of guns in the Luhrman version. It still shows you the hate between the two families right at the start. The prince of Vernona rides in on horse back compared to luhrmans modern version of him travelling in a car instead of horse back in Zephereilli. In the two films the language is slightly different. The old version is perfect to the language that would have been used and the modern one; sticks to the original scrip, but some of the speeches and sentences have been shorted. If I was directing Act 3 scene 5 the actors I would use is: Romeo: Prince William because he is a good-looking guy girls love him and is the right age for the part. Juliet: Kelly Brook because she is beautiful an actress and is again the right age for the part. Lord and Lady Montague: Richard and Judy (from channel 4) because theyre already married know how to present and a bit snobby. Lord and Lady Capulet: James Gandolfini and Lorraine Bracco because they are marred on screen and I think they would suit the part perfectly. Nurse: Judy Dench because she is a brilliant actress and looks and has played part of a mother figure before. The way I would set out the screen is not to have the argument in Juliets bedroom but over the dinner table at breakfast time. I think having it at the dinner table it would be more effective, it could show people anger more e.g. throw plates and chairs around. At the dinner table I would place lord and lady Capulet at each end of the table and Juliet and the nurse in the middle. Here is a picture to show where they sit: When Lord Capulet explodes with anger at Juliet I would use an extreme close up camera shot to show the anger on Lord Capulet face, and the same for Juliet to see the sadness on her face. I would use a panning shot to show everything in the scene and in the room. I would then add a new scene to the play. My scene would be in the garden after the fight at the dinner table. I would make Juliet run outside to get away from her father but when he catches her he would make him say something along the lines of Now tell our neighbours and friends how you disobey your father, Then use the line I tell thee what: get thee to church a` Thursday, or never look me in the face. .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .postImageUrl , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:hover , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:visited , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:active { border:0!important; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:active , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Written play EssayAfter her father has walked a way I would use a panning shot top show Juliet kneeling on the grass crying to so her sadness and everything around her. I directed my play like this because I think it would have been good and effective and just a little bit unique to the original scene and it shows the moods of the characters better. In the play my favourite character was Romeo because hes a man that knows what he wants and fights for what he loves. My favourite line in act 3 scene 5 was, Farewell, farewell! One kiss, and Ill descend. I like this line because it makes me laugh and shows the love Romeo has for Juliet, as he wont leave without a kiss from his loved one. There is more to love than lust. Or you could say that Romeo and Juliet did not take the time to get to know each other and form a deep intimate relationship. They rushed into their relationship. It may have really been true love that was mutually felt by both of them though. Even though this is a well-known play if I had my choice I would read it again because you have to re-read what you read to understand it fully. My favourite character was Romeo because he shows what love really means. My favourite scene is the balcony scene because here it shows how each one loves one another. Overall, it was a good play to read and direct myself. The play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students The play Romeo and Juliet Essay The play Romeo and Juliet presents true love in the form of star-crossed loversà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and just as their love is depicted as eternal, the play itself has endured for years. There have been many adaptations of the play in the forms of books, films, ballets and plays. Several books have been loosely based on the story, involving young lovers of different religion or different race who are not permitted to be together. These are always very popular because people want to find true love. The words Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ conjure up images associated with true love; but the play explores many views of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Each character in the play has a different personality and view on life, therefore they perceive loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in their own distinct way, adding a clear contrast to Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s first love, which is true and pure. We will write a custom essay on The play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The play Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is the story of true love and devotion and it is therefore unexpected that the first reference to relationships in the play is all about sex. The first two characters that the audience is introduced to are Sampson and Gregory. They are vulgar and crude, making many sexual references and innuendoes. They do not see love as involving emotions or desires, but as a purely physical thing, sexual not emotional. Sampson refers to women as weaker vessels and tells of how he will rape the maids of the Montague household; Women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall, I will push Montagueà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. Both Sampson and Gregory have petty and narrow perceptions of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Neither of them appears to have ever experienced true love. They talk in a crude and coarse manner, brag about their own attributesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and see women as objects not people. They are typical of yobsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in society today, the type of people who fight because they think they should because society expects them to or because of feuding that spans generations. Other contrasts to Romeo and Juliet in the play are the nurse and Mercutio. Mercutio is volatile and lively with an amazing imagination. He loves life and makes the most of each day. His love for words and puns is shown to its full in his speech about Queen Mab. The speech starts off being very idealistic and fantastical She gallops night by night Through loversà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ brains, and then they dream of love, As it continues, the speech becomes vulgar and moves from the image of a beautiful fairy to ideas of war and suffering, Sometime she driveth oà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½er a soldiers neck, And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats. Mercutio is the kind of person who gets restless very easily. He thinks that Romeo is wasting his time with Rosaline, and mocks him. In general Mercutio has a clouded view of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Like Sampson and Gregory he considers loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ only in sexual terms rather than emotions, shown in his crude language, The nurse is similar to Mercutio in her use of vulgar language. The nurse is the equivalent of Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s mother, she raised and looked after her and is very close to Juliet. Juliet is in fact a lot closer to the nurse than to her own mother. The one person that Juliet has always loved is the nurse. The nurse is the only character in the play that she tells about her love for Romeo. Juliet confides in the nurse, because she is like her mother. The nurse has a blunt attitude towards love and sex, but is an affectionate and loving woman who wants Juliet to be happy. She has a tendency to talk a lot and often strays from her subject. The nurse had a husband whom she loved dearly, but he died. She refers to him in her story about Juliet falling on her face, the story is vulgar and she repeats it several times, finding it very funny. Clearly she and her husband shared a bawdy sense of humour. And yet I warrant it had upon it brow A bump as big as a young cockà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½relà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s stone, A perilous knock, and it cried bitterly. Yeaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, quoth my husband, fallà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½st upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou comest to age, .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .postImageUrl , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:hover , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:visited , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:active { border:0!important; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:active , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet Coursework on Act III Scene V EssayWilt thou not, Jule?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It stinted and said Ayà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The nurse is often vulgar and crude, but she truly cares for Juliet. The nurse aids Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s love for Romeo but in the end she tries to persuade Juliet to marry Paris. She has a big heart but clearly has no understanding of the depth of Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s love for Romeo nor does she consider the sanctity of her marriage. For Juliet the nurse is like her best friend. Romeo has the Friar to confide in. Friar Lawrence marries the couple and tries to help them whenever possible. He wants the best for them and thinks that if they marry then possibly the feuding will end; In one respect Ià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ll thy assistant be: For this may so happy prove To turn your householdsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ rancour to pure love The friar tells Romeo not to rush things with Juliet, but when Romeo asks him to marry them he agrees. The friar approves of their love and truly cares about what happens to Romeo and Juliet. At the end of the play we see him trying to persuade Juliet not to kill herself and then when she has he explains to everyone why he married them. Juliet and her mother, Lady Capulet, do not seem to have a close relationship. In the first act, Juliet feels that she must please her mother by obeying her every wish. As the play progresses we see that Lady Capulet has clear ides of what she considers best for her daughter. She sings the praises of Paris when she is informing Juliet of his desires. Lady Capulet describes Paris as valiantà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and tells Juliet that all his love needs is a cover, the cover will be her. And what obscured in this fair volume lies Find written in the margent of his eyes. This precious book of love, this unbound lover, To beautify him, only lacks a cover. She seems less interested about whether the couple will love each other, more concerned with how suitable he is. Paris is the man whom Capulet wants Juliet to marry. Paris explains his feelings for Juliet to Capulet. It seems that Paris does love Juliet because when Romeo kills him he asks to be put in her tomb, If thou be merciful, Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet. He has genuine emotions for Juliet and is devastated when she diesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Beguiled, divorcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d, wrongà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d, spited, slain! Most detestable Death, by thee beguiled, By cruel, cruel thee quite overthrown! O love! O life! not life, but love in death! Paris is a good man who would be kind to Juliet but she does not love him. Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s father however does seem to think that she would be happy with Paris. Capulet cares a lot for his daughter because all his other children have died and therefore she is very special to him; Earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she; Sheà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s the hopeful lady of my earth. Capulet wants the best for his daughter when Paris first explains his proposal, But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart, And she agreed, within her scope of choice Lies my consent and fair according voice Capulet then starts to push Juliet into the marriage instead of letting her choose. He says that he will only let his daughter marry Paris if she consents, but then turns against this later in the play.Maybe he thinks that marriage to Paris will be in her best interests and he therefore pressurises her into it. This is why she feels she has to fake her own death. Capulet loves Juliet in the way that most parents love their children, but he goes one step further and tells her what to do instead of letting her make her own decisions. We do not know many details of Capuletà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s marriage; there are only hints that he is not happily married. So the main demonstration of love that we see from him, is towards his daughter. He is furious when Juliet defies him and is prepared to cast her out from his house! The focus of Capuletà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s attention is his daughter, Juliet. Juliet is only a child when she falls in love with Romeo. Her love for Romeo is true, pure and he is her first love. She loves him more than anything in the world, .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .postImageUrl , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:hover , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:visited , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:active { border:0!important; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:active , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare Present Love in Romeo and Juliet EssayMy bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee The more I have, for both are infinite. Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s love for Romeo is the loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that people crave. She loves him infinitely and will do anything for him, even die. Her devastation is immense when her love, Romeo, is banished from Verona. Juliet tells her family that she is distraught due to the death of her cousin, Tybalt, but her grief is caused by her undying love. Romeo and Juliet share a bond, which makes their love even more special. When they first meet each other they share their language. They both use biblical and religious words to express themselves. The first time they speak it is in the form of a sonnet; Romeo: If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this, My lips two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Juliet: Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, Which mannerly devotion shows in this, For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ kiss. The first moment that they meet, it is obvious that there is something special between them. Because of love, Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s character changes through the play. She becomes less obedient towards her parents and more mature and independent as the play unfolds. She defies and deceives her father about Romeo and Paris. We realise how much she has changed when she talks herself round to supporting Romeo whilst he is banished. Romeo is different in many ways to Juliet, but he still loves her as much as she does him. The first time that he thought he was in love was with Rosaline. When he lovedà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ her he was not happy. The love was unrequited and was not genuine. Romeo became depressed when he realised that Rosaline did not love him. He was moody, withdrawn and used oxymorons in his speech, O brawling love, O loving hate, O any thing of nothing first create! O heavy lightness, serious vanity, Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms, Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! Romeo does not talk to his parents about his feelings. He confides in Mercutio and Benvolio but never informs his parents of his emotions. As he falls deeper in love with Juliet he grows happier and more sociable, whereas when he loved Rosaline he locked himself in his rooms for hours. With Juliet he risks his life to see her. Romeo and Juliet share a physical, passionate love as well as emotional love. The first night that they meet they do not want to leave each other. This is in the famous Balcony Sceneà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Romeo risks his life to see Juliet by climbing the walls of the Capulet estate. He then stands beneath her window waiting to see her. He then describes her in such a loving way that it is almost unreal; Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven, Having some business, do entreat her eyes To twinkle in their spheres till they return. The couple share a night together when they are married and in the morning they do not want to leave each other. Juliet tries to make Romeo stay with her; Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near day; It was the nightingale, and not the lark, That pierced the fearful hollow of thine ear; Nightly she sings on yond pomegranate tree. Believe me, love, it was the nightingale. These two young lovers defy their parents by marrying behind their backs, proving their love for one another. However the most definite affirmation of their love, is when the lovers make the ultimate sacrifice, their own lives. This pair of star-crossed lovers experience the most remarkable form of love imaginable, true love. Shakespeareà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s presentation of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in the play Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ varies. Some characters think only of sex, others demonstrate a form of love with their children, but the one true, pure love is that of Romeo and Juliet. Each character in the play provides a frame to their love, their attitudes contrasting with young lovers. Romeo and Juliet share a special bond together that will never be lost. They make the greatest sacrifice for each other and this proves their love

Personalised Learning †Education Essay

Personalised Learning – Education Essay Free Online Research Papers My experience of teaching has always been about teachers teaching from the front, while students sit quietly and listen, the practice of setting the same task for all the students in a group, and in most cases tasks from textbooks and worksheets, with little or no consideration for the individual needs of the students. Therefore, I have decided to look at the impact that Personalised Learning would have on students’ achievement. In order to achieve my aim, I plan to use a Year 10 group as a case study. I will be carrying out an investigation into their different needs and learning styles. I intend to do this by giving each of them a questionnaire to complete. After which I will plan a lesson on Solving Linear Equation using a wide range of resources; textbooks, worksheets, practical activities, to include concrete resource/manipulative, online Maths games and so on, to suit their individual learning needs. Each student will be allowed to decide which activity they prefer to complete. There will be clear assessment criteria for the students to understand the overall aims of the learning and how success in learning may be judged. This also is intended to form part of the dialogue with the learners. I intend to use pupil self assessment and peer assessment (Useful resources: Black Box series by Black and Wiliam; a personal learning log may be of use as well). I will also be considering what will be done if some students feel they haven’t understood/learnt. I have attached some literature which may be of use. At the end, I will be evaluating the lesson to see what went well and what needs to improve. I will also be checking to see if students have made considerable progress in their learning and if they enjoy the lesson better than the previous ones. The theories of learning and assessment which underpin my research will also be considered. Research Papers on Personalised Learning - Education EssayStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is Art

Basic Accounting Assignment Essay Example for Free

Basic Accounting Assignment Essay Generally Accepted   Principles, Balance sheet, Accounts receivable, Income statement, Debt, Liability, Double-entry bookkeeping system, Accounts payable 1- Explain the collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and reporting process of accounting. – Collecting:- Data obtained from various sources with the help of appropriate measures is called collection of data. – Recording:- Arranging the data into its chronological form is called recording of data. – Classifying:- Division of data according to nature of events is called classification of data. – Ledger is used for classifying transactions – Posting is the process of transferring transactions from journal to ledger. Summarizing:- This involves presenting the classified data in a manner which is understandable and useful to the management and other interested parties. Follow statements are prepared:- – Income statement – Balance Sheet – Cash flow statement – Analyzing:- The comparison of data in a business is called analyzing of data. For example, analyzing of present data with past data, or actual data with projected data. – Reporting:- Forwarding the results to financial users like chairman, directors, managers etc. is called reporting of data. – Discuss in detail the nature of accounts i. e. assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital by giving examples. – Assets:- The resources of a business are called assets. They are of two types:- – Fixed Assets: Land, Building, Equipment, Vehicle etc. – Current Assets: Cash, cash at bank, A/c receivable, debtors, prepaid expenses. – Expenses:- The amount spent in a business wit h a view to gain profit in the future is called expense. Examples are rent expenses, salaries expenses, advertisement expenses etc. – Liabilities:- The financial responsibilities of the business for which it is liable are called liabilities. They are divided into two types:- – Fixed Liabilities (Bank Loan, Bonds Payable, Mortgage Payable. ) – Current Liabilities (Notes Payable, Unearned Income, Creditors. ) – Capital:- The amount of money invested by the owner in the business is called capital. – Revenue:- The incomes and the profits earned in the business through selling are called revenues. For example, Sales, Service revenue, Interest, commission earned. – Drawings:- The amount of money taken away by the proprietor for personal benefits is called Drawings. 3- Describe the accounting rule of debit and credit for accounts like assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital. – Assets – Increase in Asset is debit. – Decrease in Asset is credit. – Liabilities – Increase in liabilities is credit. – Decrease in liabilities is debit. – Revenues – Increase in revenues is credit. – Decrease in revenues is debit. – Expenses – Increase in expense is debit. – Decrease in expense is credit. – Capital – Increase in capital is credit. – Decrease in capital is debit. – Select any twenty categories from the above and identify a transaction that will have the required effect on the business. 1- Purchased Goods on credit 25,000. 2- Gave services for cash 5,000. 3- Brought cash in business 65,000. 4- Adjusting entry of out standing salaries 9000. 5- Wa ges wrongly debited to Sales 400. 6- Salaries wrongly debited to Drawings 600. 7- Paid to accounts payable in cash 1500. 8- Goods returned by customer worth 650. 9- Withdrew cash for personal use 550 Basic Accounting Assignment. (2018, Oct 26).

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example The paper will also highlight how the organisation has implemented its proposed strategies for the long term sustainability. At the same time, it will also recommend appropriate strategies for the Unilever with the aim of enhancing the competitive advantage in the global market.     Ã‚  As the discussion stresses  unilever is a public limited company, which is operating its business function in the consumer goods market. The organisation was established in the year 1929 in collaboration with Dutch organisation Lever Brothers. The organisation has become globally renowned due to exceptional brand image along with its end number of products. At the same time, Unilever has also gained goodwill from global market place due to its high quality products and services to its consumers throughout the world. Over the years, organisation has been operating its business operations in more than 190 countries. The organisation has also listed its name in the London Stock Exchange in ‘F TSE 100 Index’ constituent. At the same time, the organisation has also committed to ensure its sustainability and maintained competitive advantage in the global market through providing priority to its consumers and their changing demands.  Unilever always keep its focus towards children and farmers for better profitability and operations. Likewise, organisation has also considered healthcare related aspects in order to establish a better future.

Music Contracts & Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music Contracts & Negotiations - Essay Example cessful negotiating process might look like, what the best negotiation techniques might be and how to achieve satisfactory results for both sides of negotiation when interests of negotiating parties come into contradiction with each other. In this essay I will focus on two key types of negotiation, such as so-called win-lose or zero-sum negotiation (also known as positional or distributive) and win-win or integrative negotiation, as well as the importance of confidence and good communication skills to successful negotiation. I am going to elaborate on pros and cons of the employment of integrative and distributive types of negotiation and dwell on the concept of issues, positions and interests within the context of negotiation in the field of music industry. On top of that, I will invent a scenario of negotiation between a music act and a record label in order to illustrate some aspects of negotiation and communication theories covered in this essay. When entering any negotiation, in order to achieve desirable goals a negotiating party must stick to some rules based on a certain negotiation structure, which is not that complex as one think a successful negotiating paradigm might be. There are four key stages of negotiation, which are preparation for a negotiation, exchanging information between negotiators on different aspects of the future agreement between them, bargaining per say and closing or commitment of an agreement (Shell, 2008, n. p.). Any negotiation may be of at least two types depending upon the intentions of negotiators to fully use their advantage in resources and power in order to influence final decision or upon a particular nature of the deal to be reached between the parties of a negotiation. As a rule, if negotiating parties are not interested in mutual satisfaction for each and every party involved in the negotiation and do not seek out benefit for all parties from the deal they are set to make, then they ar e most likely to enter distributive

Accounting System Essay Example for Free

Accounting System Essay

Pagan Burial Rites in the Epic of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essa

Pagan Burial Rites in the Epic of Beowulf Scores of essays are written about the Christian influence on the Beowulf poet. Most notable Beowulf scholars such as Kl‘ber, Robinson and Whitelock do not fail to address the matter. Given the complexity of the issue and the proliferation of evidence within the poem, we can understand the universal appeal of this topic. The poet transposes his Christian convictions onto a story which formed in a culture devoid of Christianity. In many instances, however, the poem's pagan basis shines through. Among these idiosyncracies it is important to note funeral rites and the pagan practices that surround them. When missionaries first introduced the Christian ideology to the Anglo-Saxons, they left the people with a clear choice; Pagan deities could not coexist with the Christian God. Therefore, they must abandon these ancient icons in order to hold a more monotheistic view. Unfortunately, most of their culture is built around upholding a heroic code instead of a single deity. Rather than completely forsake the standards that they had lived by for so many generations, they incorporated their old ideals into the new Christian dogma (Ogilvy, Baker 27). In a similar fashion, the poet's task was to apply this same transformation to a story deeply rooted pagan society. The Beowulf poet "was concerned to extol the virtues of ancient Germanic heroes while acknowledging regretfully that the were deprived of the Christian revelation enjoyed in [the poet's] own era" (Robinson 1). Many flaws originate from this change, however. According to Kl‘ber, "heathen practices are mentioned in several pla ces, such as the vowing of sacrifices at idol fanes, the observing of omens and the burning of the dead, whic... ...s in Beowulf do not hold the same sentiments about Christianity that the poet holds. If Beowulf truly possessed the Christian ideals that the poet often insinuates, he would not find it necessary to be cremated, nor have his tomb adorned with riches. These elements reveal to us the difficulty of infusing a Christian dogma into a heathen society. The Beowulf poet is successful with this task in some respects, but in the case of cremation he is somewhat remiss. Works Cited Barber, Paul T. Cremation. Journal of Indo-European Studies v.21 (1993) : 379-387 Klà ¦ber, Friedrich, ed. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburgh. Third edition. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1950. Ogilvy, J.D.A. and Donald C. Baker. Reading Beowulf. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983 Whitelock, Dorothy. The Audience of Beowulf. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951

Leadership strategy that supports organizational direction Essay

Organizations need leadership strategies in order to create confidence for employees and other stakeholders that there is a clear direction in which the organization aims to head. Understanding leadership culture is the first stage to creating an effective leadership strategy; the next step is to assess the relationship between staff and their leaders and bring emotional intelligence into play, this will become a necessity for leaders in creating their strategies (Gordon n.d). The retail store Diamond relies on different leadership and management theories but the selected theory of discussion is the Open Systems Theory. The impacts of different theories of management and leadership used within the retail industry is countless. A retail company like Diamond utilizes multiple theories in order to achieve their organizational goal but the dominating theory is the Systems Theory. Setting strategies relies on a time frame, and as such elements and resources must be allotted within the set time. The preeminent strategy that supports organizational direction is recognizing the culture which Diamond operates and the dominant leadership style. The Open Systems Theory allows managers to examine patterns and events in the workplace and will be helpful in coordinating agendas to work as a group for the complete goal or mission of the business rather than for insulated departments in achieving the organizational goals and keeping progress on track (Hawthorne 2015). This allows Diamond to manage and control its budget and will make a considerable amount of profit for the organization. Leaders who rely on emotional intelligence will take into account the feelings and needs of the staff and other stakeholders within Diamond. Being compassionate to staff and stakeholder allows the leader to connect with and grow a relationship throughout the organization, thus creating synergy. The leader can make an assessment on their thoughts on Diamond, how the leader can improve the company so they enjoy working there. This tactic will be helpful due to the fact that this is a motivational exercise and staff will gain a sense of belonging and pride. Staff will work more diligently, productivity will inevitably increase and profit will be maximized. Granted, this new leadership strategy with take some time to implement and be fully functional but with the use of a good change management model, the transition will feel  natural to the staff over a period of time. Reference Gordon, Jon. ‘Developing Positive Leaders, Organizations And Teams’. Jon Gordon Blog. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. Hawthorne, Madison. ‘Management Theories & Concepts At The Workplace’. Small Business – Chron.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 22 Mar. 2015.

Bcbcabs

You must: write within the report length: 650 words (Max. ) not plagiarism as any form of plagiarism will result in a fail' grade use 1. 5 spacing and 1 inch/2. CM margins write the word count at the end of your internal report in brackets, for example (650 words) submit the Internal report online Oval Turbulent (details will be provided closer to the submission date) submit the internal report on,'before the established deadline (any late submissions will result in a ‘deduction' of the final grade for the assignment) submit your assignment early and avoid waiting till the last hour prior to the deadline in case of server overload or shutdown have proof of the print screen of any technical difficulty you may have encountered for any potential submission appeal to be considered, and c a copy of the proof to your teacher You are Jinn Kim, manager of Taxmen City branch, Korea Auto Insurance. You are concerned about the headquarters' overhead cost allocation method which you believ e is inappropriate and unfair, and have highlighted your concerns to the management.The new CEO, Chunk He, has asked you to submit an internal report to him before proceeding further. The CEO has requested that you: identify the problems associated with the overhead cost allocation method provide relevant and concrete evidence/examples to support the problems raised highlight he urgency of the problems and communicate the possible consequences of not taking action For your Internal report to make an Impact on the new CEO, It has to be: structured cohesive and coherent formal and concise words) submit the internal report online via Turning (details will be provided closer to the submission date) submit the internal report on/before the established For your internal report to make an impact on the new CEO, it has to be:

Top 4 Activities to Reach Reluctant Readers

Top 4 Activities to Reach Reluctant Readers We have all had those students who have a love for reading, and the ones who dont. There may be many factors that correlate with why some students are reluctant to read. The book may be too hard for them, parents at home may not actively encourage reading, or the student is just not interested in what they are reading. As teachers, it is our job to help nurture and develop a love of reading in our students. By employing strategies and creating a few fun hands-on activities, we can motivate students to want to read, and not just because we make them read. The following four hands-on reading activities will encourage even the most reluctant readers to be excited about reading: Storia for iPad Technology today is unbelievable! There are so many ways to make books exciting that Scholastic book clubs decided to join in on the fun of ebooks! This app is exciting because not only is it free to download, but the amenities seem endless! There are literally thousands of books to download, from picture books to chapter books. Storia offers interactive read aloud books, a built-in highlighter and dictionary, along with learning activities to accompany the book. If you give a student the opportunity to choose a hands-on book of their choice, you will see it is a powerful way to encourage even the most reluctant reader. Record Students Reading Books Allowing children to choose what they want to read based upon their own interests will encourage them to want to read. A fun activity to try is to let the student select a book of their choice and record them reading the book aloud. Then play back the recording and have the student follow along to their voice. Research has shown that when students listen to themselves read, their reading becomes better. This is the perfect activity to add to your learning centers. Place a tape recorder and several different books in the reading center and allow students to take turns taping themselves read. Teacher Read Aloud Listening to stories from a teacher may be one of a students favorite parts of the school day. To instill this kind of passion for reading with your students, give them the opportunity to choose which book you read to the class. Choose two or three books that you feel are appropriate for your students and let them vote on the best one. Try to sway the vote towards the students who you know are the reluctant ones to read. Have a Scavenger Hunt Games are a fun way to engage students in learning while still having fun. Try creating a classroom scavenger hunt where each team has to read the clues to find out where the items they are searching for are. The students that do not like to read will not even realize they are practicing their reading skills.

Frankish-Muslim Relations during the Crusades Essay

Frankish-Muslim Relations during the Crusades - Essay Example Inter-Religious wars manifest in the nature of arguments between Muslims and Christians and their mode of reference to each other. For example, the Franks are enemies to the Muslims and at the same time their property owners. The essence of the crusade period is the inferior consideration that each member of the two distinct religions gave to each other. Apparently, the arguments about the episodes of the interactions between Muslims and Christians are judgmental because the two authors Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Manqidh were both Muslims. They majorly present the Christian Franks as the dominant group, inflicting suffering and misconduct against the Muslim community. It very rarely mentions the incidents where Muslims did injustice and unfairness. From the two accounts, the only exceptional case of Christian virtue demonstrated by the Frankish community was where a knight defended a Muslim Merchant from a crowd that was planning vengeance on him (Munqidh 38). This was after another knight w oman alleged that the Muslim had murdered her brother. 2. Research Questions The research is based on two major questions: 2.1. Question 1: How were the Muslims and the Frankish Community relating and how was their interaction? 2.2. Question 2: Was the Crusade Period a war or one community was dominating the other? 3. Discussion To answer the questions, the interaction between the two communities was full of interreligious isolation. The Christian Franks showed many discriminative alignments against the Muslims as is evident in the boundaries between the two religious groups. A good example is the â€Å"The Tree Measure†. Further discussion will reveal more details to validity the responses to the study questions. 3.1. Segregation or Interaction Interreligious separation as discussed by the two authors present the Franks and Muslims as two different communities, living in total separation. In fact, not even a meal can bring them together except where one party compromises his or her faith. In this regard, there were farms belonging to the Muslim Community, such as Tibnin. The rightful ownership the Farms were controlled by the Frankish community (the property owners). However, Ibn Jubayr acknowledges that in that settlement, the Muslims and Christian Franks were living peacefully. This is ironical since at the same time, he claims that Muslims had to surrender part of their harvests to the Franks as poll tax. The perpetrators of racial and religious injustices were majorly the Franks, who forced the Muslims to observe the conventional laws developed by their own government (the Franks). This robbed the Muslims of their freedom and rights. The Franks, as Ibn Jubayr claims, robbed the Muslim habitats and spared the Frankish side (Jubair 52). In Syria, there is a very clear example of religious discrimination and isolation, where the Frankish merchants grabbed mosques and turned them into Churches, much to the disappointment of the Muslims. They turned the areas previously used by Muslims for worshipping, into abomination by erecting Christian crosses, slaughtering pigs and defiling them with excrement. In all this, Ibn Jubayr claims that Muslims could only weep with their eyes full of tears of pain. 3.2. Points of Interaction The points of interaction between Muslims and Christians were the trading points such as Acre in Syria. This was the unloading point for ships. The Muslims and Christian Franks from all regions gathered in this place and interacted but of course, with

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethics - Essay Example The paper will then evaluate the relation of the first situation and then the second situation in terms of the aforementioned points of view. Later on the essay will discuss the interplay of ethical principles in both cases and how they interact with each other, and the paper will end with a conclusion that sums up the whole essay. Therefore, the paper aims to discuss the specific situations of the scientists, defines the concepts of deontology and consequentialism, as well as analyzes the situations in both points of view and from that it will ascertain which scientist is right. Ethics refers to the â€Å"code of moral standards by which people judge the actions and behaviors of themselves and others†.1 Ethics is a set of rules and regulations that define as well as govern the morality of a person’s conduct in various professional fields. Different professions demand following of different ethical theories and it is the same in case of different regions as well. Thus d eriving a universal ethics that can be applied uniformly in all fields and regions is impossible. Therefore, keeping this is mind, various ethicists have come up with ethics suitable for the respective professions and regions, which has led to the origin of several ethical theories that include relativism, absolutism, deontology or duty ethics, Kantian theory, utilitarianism, consequentialism, virtue ethics etc. The paper at hand thus deals with deontology and consequentialism in terms of the two cases given. The first case describes the situation of scientist A, where she deliberately modifies the data related to her experiment so as to achieve success in the experiment. Her act of distorting the data is against the moral code of conduct, or rather the ethics. Ethics is built upon certain values and the act of distortion here overrides these values, some of which are honesty, integrity and responsibility. She becomes dishonest by changing the data and modifying it in order to make the experiment successful, thus she does not follow the principle of â€Å"honesty†.2 By not keeping the data in its original form, she also neglects the value of â€Å"integrity,† by being untruthful to herself as well as others around her, which would later on lead to the development of a guilty conscience.3 ‘A’ further breaches the ethics of responsibility, as she does not fulfill her obligation of submitting clean and unbiased data. Therefore, it is observed that scientist A deliberately distorts data in order to create a successful scientific experiment, thus intentionally violating ethical values such as honesty, integrity and responsibility. The second case describes the situation of scientist B, where she has omitted some data due to her carelessness. But it is said that the consequences were same in both the cases, which means despite her omissions, she succeeds in the experiment. In this case, the scientist has not deliberately tampered with data , rather the data has been changed due to a state of being unaware. However, this unawareness stems from negligence or ignorance from the part of B, as she has not gone through the data again and made sure if it was completely accurate. Therefore, it can be discerned that she breaches the ethics of responsibility, as she does not cross check her data at any time of the experiment, thus unintentionally leading to distortion of data. It is natural for human beings to make

Predict the performance of emerging financial markets through the Essay - 1

Predict the performance of emerging financial markets through the financial reports of companies - Essay Example As a consequence, any event occurring in one part of the world will definitely have an impact on the rest of it. The recent recession has led to the downfall of many financial companies, banks, manufacturing companies and stock markets all over the world. Companies have been wiped out or taken over, property rates have crashed and gold prices have soared in the past one-two years. The situation has however not been too grave in emerging markets like China, India, Brazil, UAE and Argentina. The subprime crisis which was the cause of the economic meltdown did not affect emerging markets to a great extent. This was possible because the lending policies in these countries were strict and banks and financial companies could not lend to people with bad track records. At a time when global economy is reeling under one of the worst recessions and uncertain market conditions, there is an urgent need to study and analyze in detail the possibility of predicting the performance of markets. This prediction assumes more importance under emerging market conditions. When many companies and banks have gone bankrupt in the developed world, surprisingly, in the case of emerging markets, this has not been witnessed. In this study, we will examine certain companies and their financial statements for the previous five years and see if we can arrive at a conclusion about the relevance of predicting the future of emerging markets. The results of the study would not only be beneficial to students, researchers and economists, but also to decision making bodies that might be planning huge investments in emerging markets. The need of the hour is a stable global economy and this can be achieved only if there is very low level of risk and uncertainty when huge investments are made by individuals, business houses and governments. Not much literature is available about the results of previous research in the field of predicting emerging markets based on the performance of companies in Saudi

Answer to case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer to case - Essay Example If the bill gets passed then it would force the search engines, the internet service providers to stop running business with the websites that deals with the online piracy. The old media users are of the opinion that the SOPA should be passed because every day the rogue websites is stealing immense number of creative things and that is why the Americans are losing their jobs in the creative field. On the other side, the opponents of the SOPA state that it can include the new unpredictable liabilities of the websites which can hamper the â€Å"private rights of action†. Facebook, Twitter and many others companies encouraged political protests through the help of social media. They were also engaged in the traditional protests like campaigning, letter writing. Stakeholder Theory Approach In a business, the importance of stakeholders can never be ignored. The different stakeholders have different opinions for the issue of SOPA implementation. There are two types of stakeholders p resent in the market namely the market stakeholders and non-market stake holders. Market stakeholders Employees: In case the bill is passed the employees would be majorly affected because the employees of the organizations like Facebook, Twitter consider the new media can be immensely hampered by the law. If the company would not get the permission to run specific functions due to the act then the possibility of major cost cutting may arise. In the cost cutting policies it is obvious to take a lay off initiative for the organizations. This can be a biggest threat for the employees. The employees’ salience is moderate in this case as the employees itself cannot change certain policies of the government. Managers: The managers of the opposition companies also can face high threat due to the government policies. The managers are the major decision makers of the business and the managers bargaining power is always high as they are well efficient in lobbying and manipulating polit ical powers in their favour. In case, the bill is passed in US House most of the managers would be affected hardly as they would have to miss their high remuneration due to the cost cutting and they have to take initiative to retrench the companies in the crisis situation. Customers: Customers always prefer the product which they can get in low cost. The popularity of pirated music and films increased because of the reason that the customers prefer the cheap products. Many customers would be barred from getting the opportunity of private rights of options. Many people will be barred from enjoying the creativity in low cost. Providing high cost for these services might not be possible for all kind of customers. The salience is very high for the customers, as they are powerful to force the government to take any decision, and their reaction will also be urgent as they are affected highly (Freeman, 2010, p.54). The non Market stakeholders Government: The government has the power to tak e all the decisions regarding this matter but it is not in a hurry to take immediate steps as it has taken the shape of power politics. By evaluating both side argument and political power game, the government would take its decision. Media: The opposition of this law are hugely using the media to display their protests. All the defending companies are using mostly the social media along with the other medias to present their views in front of government and community.

Just War Theory And The 2003 Iraq War Politics Essay

Just War Theory And The 2003 Iraq War Politics Essay The Iraq War or the second Gulf War has been commenced since 20 March 2003. Despite the troops consisted of military force of various western nations, it was actually led by the United States. Over the years, people have questioned the Bush administration whether it is justified to invade Iraq, and whether the Iraq War fulfill the criteria of the Just War Theory. As such, this essay will attempt to determine whether the invasion of Iraq by the Bush administration is justified. Just cause The reason for going to war must be just. Force may be used only to correct a grave, public evil, i.e. aggression or massive violation of the basic human rights of whole populations  [1]  . In addition to what we generally accept that force may only be used to correct a grave and public evil, Holmes (1992) stated that the criterion of just cause has been downgraded. He also stated that a war is justified in response to aggression, ie, self-defense. It also extended to cover also defense of another state against aggression, intervention to protect potential victims of grave wrong by nations, and even pre-emptive strikes against potential aggressors. Right authority War may be waged by constituted legal authority. Right intention War may be waged only in a truly just cause but not for material gain or maintaining economies. Last resort War may be waged only after all peaceful alternatives have been exhausted or are not practical. Prospects of success the goal of the war must end with peace Proportionality the anticipated benefits must be proportionate to its expected evils or harms. Besides, the just war theory also requires the moral standard to define the conduct of armed conflict (Just ad bellum):- Noncombatant Immunity Army must take reasonable measures to avoid and minimize harm to civilians. Proportionality Only necessary force is to be use to achieve the military objective, and to avoid unnecessary collateral damage civilians and their properties. Right intention the aim of the war is to achieve peace. The act of vengeance and indiscriminate violence are forbidden. Reason to Invade Iraq In the speech given by Bush on 18 March 2003 in the White House, he gave the reason for taking military action against Iraq. In this essay, I will mainly attempt to use this speech as my argument for reason for invasion to Iraq. JUST WAR THEORY VS US INVASION (Just ad bellum) 1. Just Cause In the speech given by Bush, he stated:- We have passed more than a dozen resolutions in the United Nations Security Council. We have sent hundreds of weapons inspectors to oversee the disarmament of Iraq. Our good faith has not been returned Over the years, UN weapon inspectors have been threatened by Iraqi officials, electronically bugged and systematically deceived. Peaceful efforts to disarm the Iraqi regime have failed again and again because we are not dealing with peaceful men Intelligence gathered by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and conceal some of the most lethal weapons ever devised. This regime has already used weapons of mass destruction against Iraqs neighbors and against Iraqs people. It has aided, trained and harbored terrorists, including operatives of al Qaeda The danger is clear: using chemical, biological or, one day, nuclear weapons, obtained with the help of Iraq, the terrorists could fulfill their stated ambitions and kill thousands or hundreds or thousands of innocent people in our country, or any other. Terrorists and terror states do not reveal threats with fair notice, in formal declarations and responding to such enemies only after they have struck first is not self-defense, it is suicide. The security of the world requires disarming Saddam Hussein now. In Bushs speech, the causes for invasion are:- Iraq possess weapon of mass destruction and peaceful efforts to disarm the Iraqi regime have failed. Iraq aided terrorist like al Qaeda, and terrorists could make use of Iraqs weapon of mass destruction to kill Americans or people of other nations. However, it seems that the Iraq invasion did not fulfill the just cause. Regarding the weapon of mass destruction, in late 2002 Iraq agreed to inspection by UN inspectors in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1441. However, the inspectors discovered no weapon of mass destruction. They only concluded that Iraq government failed to proved that all weapon of mass destruction were properly destroyed. Besides, there was no evidence that the Iraqi government had any intention to use such weapon of mass destruction (even if Iraq did have the weapon). We did not see that the United States was facing a imminent threat of attack by Saddam Hussein. Moreover, we are all aware the recent missile test by North Korea and its possession of material for making nuclear weapon. Would it justify to wage war against North Korea? Certainly not, or why the United States has not waged war against North Korea? In respect of Iraqs link with terrorists, there was no evidence that Iraqi government had any link or connection with al Qaeda (or were involved with the attacks of September 11). If the Bush administration had such evidence, it would be a just course as the invasion is an act of self-defense. Postwar finding  [2]  also indicated that CIA assessed that Iraq and al Qaeda resembled two independent actors trying to exploit each other. It also indicated that Saddam Hussein was distrustful of al Qaeda and viewed Islamic extremists as a threat to his regime, refusing all request from al Qaeda to provide material and operational support. 2. Right Authority The US Congress passed the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq on 11 October 2002. This resolution provided the Bush Administration with the legal basis for the invasion to Iraq. Besides, UN Security Resolution 678 and 687 authorized the United States to use force in ridding Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. As such, US action was carried out with right and legal authority. 3. Right Intention As pointed out in Bushs speech, the intention of invasion is to protect American and other people from weapon of mass destruction possessed by Iraq and the its support to terrorists. In respect of the intention to protect people from terrorists, as I earlier reported, there was no creditable evidence that Suddam Hussein had supported the terrorist like al Qaeda. Being the chief of command, Bush should have known that the allegation of connection with terrorist was nothing more than an excuse. Scholar (Murray and Scales, 2003) argued that after the September 11 attack, the destruction of dictator Saddams government by a swift and forceful military action could establish the authority of the United States and the determination to fight against terrorism. As such, the invasion did not meet the criterion of right intention from this perspective. Regarding weapon of mass destruction, since UN Inspector stated that after the inspection in late 2003 the Iraq government had failed to prove that all weapon of mass destruction were destroyed. The right intention of protecting people from such weapon was justified. However, a number of scholars opined that the true intention of USs military act was to acquire Iraqs oil supply and to protect the oil in the Middle East. In the end, right intention is a subjective measure that depends on what was Bush thinking at the time of the invasion. Based on the circumstance, it seems that the right intention was justified as an independent UN inspection team (though may be hight influenced by US) had doubted whether Iraq had destroyed all weapon of mass destruction. 4. Last Resort Coates (1997) stated that the criterion of last resort underlines the primacy of peace over war in just war thinking. Recognition of the potential moral instrumentality of war is not to be confused with moral enthusiasm for war. .moral considerations go hand in hand with political and military ones, and the moral judgment needs to be informed by a certain realism. Deciding when diplomatic and other non-bellicose means of securing peace have been effectively exhausted, or deciding when a conciliatory approach has become counterproductive, is largely a matter of political and military judgment. Coates rightly pointed out that the idea of last resort is subjective and could be influenced by political and military judgment. Walzer (2004) emphasized the important of last resort as because of the unpredictable, unexpected, unintended and unavoidable horrors that it regularly brings. As for the notion of lastness, it is essentially cautionary, he stated: look hard for alternatives before you let loose the dogs of war. The issue we need to discuss is whether the Bush administration had exhausted all non-violence means to achieve peace before the invasion to Iraq. However, I personally think that there would not any last resort in the reality. From anti-war believer, we would never meet the criterion of last resort. As such, we have to act at some point as far as all reasonable diplomatic and non-violence means have been done. As a matter of fact, when it comes to war, anti-war believer would always say that even at the last minute, there still are alternatives (which is always the best argument against waging war). The alternatives could be economic sanctions, UN inspection, pressure from neighbor and diplomatic meeting. However, Saddam could also use such non-violence alternative to buy time, so that he could have more time to build or hide the weapon of mass destruction. One of the reason as to why the UN inspector could not find any weapon of mass destruction may be because Saddem had bought enough time from previous noncooperation with UN inspection. Since Bush administration and UN had exercised diplomatic means to warn Saddem that war would be unavoidable if he chooses not to cooperate with the United States or UN, it is justified for Bush administration to say that he had exhausted the last resort. 5. Prospects of success In general, the US-led coalition outnumbered the Iraqi army. The military technology of the US led coalition was more advance than that of Iraqi army. Bush administration knew that there was high probability of success. The invasion phase of the war, ie, from 19 March to 20 April, proved that the criterion of prospects of success was meet. The problem is whether the US invasion was likely to generate condition of lasting peace by removing the dictatorship. However, after the invasion phase, despite the Iraqi army was quickly overwhelmed, some religious radicals and Iraqis angered by the occupation have begun isolate attack against the US led coalition. This contributes one of the main reasons for US military death in Iraq after the invasion phase. Besides, US and UK government was not able to restore basic services to the Iraqi people, and the decaying infrastructure due to a decade of sanction, bombing, corruption had left major cities barely functioning. Local people claimed that their living standard was actually worse than that in Saddam regime which had contributed to local anger at the transitional Iraqi government. Even three years after the invasion, on 14 August 2007 800 civilians were killed by a series suicide bomb attacks in Iraq. More than 100 homes an shops were destroyed during this series of attacks. Isolated attacks have taken place from time to time killing US army. Besides, the invasion also creates anger by Iraqi people against United States. On 14 December 2008, at a press conference by George W. Bush in Iraq, a reporter threw his shoes to Bush screamed This is for the widows, the orphans and those who were killed in Iraq. It seems that the military act was a success during the invasion phase, peace is still very remote for Iraqi people. The worst is that the invasion also creates tension between civilian of Iraq and the United States which would not be easily solved in short period of time (taking Chinese against Japanese government for the war crime they did during WWII as an example). 6. Proportionality Being a just war, it must be proportionate. The use of force must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. We all are concerned that invasion of Iraq could have unpredictable consequences not only for Iraq but for peace and stability elsewhere in the Middle East. Wells (1996) stated that if the price of the projected war is too great in total dislocation, suffering, and death, including all human, economic, and cultural costs, in comparison to the good likely to come of it, again, considering all the likely gains, then the war is disproportionate. During the invasion phase from 19 March to 30 April 2003, 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed along with 7,299 civilians, primarily by US air and ground forces. Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 US military personnel and 33 UK military personnel. The casualty rate of Iraqi is almost ten times higher than that of the coalition force. From casualty perspective, we could say that it was a disproportional war. Besides, war would definitely destroy the infrastructure of Iraq and affect the living standard given the fact that they had already lived at the edge of survival after a decade of destructive sanctions. The international communities and the countries in the Middle East were not ready to handle the problem of refugee from the Iraq. What about the good achieved by the war. The most obvious one would be the discovery or destroy of weapon of mass destruction. Since the western countries generally believed that Saddam had possessed a number of weapon of mass destruction and was intended to use. The military action protected the live of American and people of other nations. Besides, Saddam was known to be brutal dictator who killed his own people including children and women. Removing Saddam might facilitate the development of democracy and protect the right and live of Iraqi civilians. It is important to compare the benefit and detriments caused by the war. Given that the Bushs speech on 18 March 2003 did warn that it is not too late for the Iraqi military to act with honor and protect your country by permitting the peaceful entry of coalition forces to eliminate weapons of mass destruction. Our force will give Iraqi military units clear instructions on actions they can take to avoid being attacked and destroyed. I urge every member of the Iraqi military and intelligence services, if war comes, do not fight for a dying regime that is not worth your own life. Besides, in the same speech, Bush also promised that as our coalition takes away their (Saddam) power, we will deliver food and medicine you need., we will help you to build a new Iraq that is prosperous and free. In a free Iraq, there will no mar wars of aggression against your neighbors,no more execution of dissidents, no more torture chambers and rape rooms. In view of all the circumstance, it is reasonable to say that the invasion met the criterion of proportionality. Based on the above analysis, the invasion of Iraq fulfills all criteria of Jus ad bellum except the criterion of just cause. The reason the invasion of Iraq failing to meet the requirement of just cause is because there is no weapon of mass destruction found in Iraq and Iraq had no connection with Terrorists. However, if the Bush administration, based on the intelligence provided by CIA prior to the invasion, truly believed that Iraq had weapon of mass destruction (and was intended to use it) and there was evidence to suggest Iraq had aided al Qaeda, then it would be reasonable to say the invasion fulfills the criterion of just cause. JUST WAR THEORY VS US INVASION (Just in bello) 1. Noncombatant Immunity Coates (1997) states that the moral reasoning associated with the principle of civilian or, more exactly, noncombatant immunity is one of the most strongly contested areas of just war theory. Since moral guilt or innocent can be established only by reference to the intentions, state of mind and subjective disposition of an individual, the distinction could not be used as a means of discriminating between legitimate and illegitimate targets of attack. This means the criterion of noncombatant immunity is a subjective measure of a persons mind. In a democratic government like the United State, targeting civilian or noncombatant during a war would be a crime. I would quite confidence to say that the US-led coalition force did not violate the criterion of noncombatant immunity. But there is always collateral damage. People estimated the number of civilian causality since 2003 ranged from 91,676 to 100,083  [3]  . The large number of civilian causality or collateral damage gave a worrying reality that noncombatant immunity is very difficult to uphold in a war. Those Iraq civilian killed may be because the coalition army truly believed that their live were in danger and is was an act of self-defense. Besides, there were the human right abuses during the war and in particular at Abu Ghraib prison. Captured Iraqi army was tortured by US army in order to have intelligence. Those Iraqi soldiers were prisoners and could no longer cause any harm to the US, and strictly speaking, they were noncombatant. I consider such act by US is a violation to noncombatant immunity. Nonetheless, those violations to noncombatant immunity are isolated cases during the entire war. From the proceeding currently undertaking against US soldiers committing war crime, it shows that the US government is determined to uphold the requirement of noncombatant immunity. In respect of proportionality and right intention, their arguments are basically the same as the cases in jus ad bellum, and I would not repeat here. CONCLUSION The US led coalitions invasion of Iraq met all the requirement of the just war theory except the just cause. The Just Cause Theory is a subjective theory. Whether a war is just depends on the state of mind of the person who wages war, and we could only assess the circumstantial evidence. I guess that we would never know whether the Bush administration knowingly accept the false intelligence that Iraq had weapon of mass destruction and connection with terrorists or the Bush administration simply misled by incredible intelligence from CIA or other government agencies. It would a just war from Bushs perspective, if he was deceived by incredible intelligence. It is very difficult to assess whether a war is just, particularly for those war waged by powerful nations who could exert influence to its alliances or even the United Nation. I therefore suggest that an independent organization should be create who could have access to documents relating to the decision to wage war. This organization should also have judiciary power to conduct proceeding to decide whether a war is just. It can publish country for waging a unjust war and any wrongdoing during a war. Without an independent organization, nations will continue to wage war using the subjective side of the Just War Theory to justify their action. ******